Abstract: Although nonviolent resistance assumes the moral high ground because its tactics do not intend to harm adversaries, severe ethical difficulties arise when nonviolent activists intentionally provoke harm to themselves. This occurs in a process called “backfire,” as hunger strikers or demonstrators provoke a disproportionately brutal and often lethal response from their adversaries to draw world attention and sympathy to their cause. As case studies from Ireland, East Timor, and Israel demonstrate, backfire can offer insurgents and national liberation movements significant strategic gains. In Ireland, a 1981 IRA hunger strike radicalized the IRA’s campaign against Britain. In East Timor, the massacre of hundreds of Timorese demonstrating for independence in 1991 galvanized world opinion and eventually brought international intervention and statehood. In Israel, the Marmara flotilla of 2010 and mass demonstrations in Gaza in the spring of 2018, refocused world attention on Palestinian grievances while easing the Israeli-imposed land and naval blockade. These events were transformative, but their success depended upon the careful cultivation of violence. An anathema to ideological nonviolence, backfire is often used by strategic activists who will mix violent and nonviolent tactics as circumstances demand. Ethically discharging this tactic requires organizers to articulate feasible operational goals while protecting minors, to mitigate risk, to obtain free and informed consent from participants, and to constantly evaluate the costs and benefits of political action.
Keywords: nonviolent resistance, backfire, national liberation, protest, proportionality, hunger strikes, insurgency, human right, self-defense
The full essay is available to subscribers only. Click here for access.
More in this issue
Fall 2018 (32.3) • Essay
Covert Positive Incentives as an Alternative to War
In this essay, James Pattison argues that covert positive incentives are preferable to both overt incentives and covert force.
Fall 2018 (32.3) • Review
Toward a Cosmopolitan Ethics of Mobility: The Migrant’s-Eye View of the World, by Alex Sager
In this book, Alex Sager challenges the “methodological nationalism” that dominates debates in migration ethics and offers a new way to think normatively about mobility ...
Fall 2018 (32.3) • Review
Conflict-Related Violence Against Women: Transforming Transition, by Aisling Swaine
The overarching aim of Aisling Swaine’s recent book is to empirically and theoretically expand our understanding of conflict-related violence against women. The breadth and ...